Escaping from flatland: 3D carborane-based bioisosteres of Erlotinib as potential anticancer agents

Abstract

Phenyl rings are present in nearly 45% of approved small-molecule drugs; however, their flat, aromatic nature can lead to poor solubility, metabolic instability, and limited target selectivity. Carboranes, as three-dimensional boron-rich bioisosteres, may offer a promising alternative to address these limitations. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and biological characterization of novel carborane-based analogs of erlotinib, exploring 3D bioisosterism to enhance anticancer activity. All the carboranebased analogs displayed better in vitro biological behavior than the parent compound, with the para-derivatives (13) and (17) emerging as promising leads, showing 2.5 to >12-fold greater cytotoxicity than erlotinib and up to ∼7-fold selectivities for glioblastoma over astrocytes. Compound (17) moderately inhibited both wild-type EGFR (IC50 = 9.23 μM) and the drug-resistant EGFRT790M mutant (IC50 = 7.19 μM). Molecular docking and dynamics simulations predicted binding within the ATP catalytic site, displaying a hinge-binding mode characteristic of EGFR inhibitors. Mechanistic studies revealed apoptosis as the predominant cell death pathway. In vivo, compound (17) showed excellent acute oral safety (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg in mice) with no alterations in biochemical blood parameters. Ames testing indicated no mutagenic potential. In silico ADMET profiling predicted high intestinal absorption, absence of P-gp interaction, weak hERG inhibition, and no carcinogenicity, with only compounds (16) and (17) predicted to cross the blood−brain barrier. Chemical stability assays demonstrated that all compounds, except (18), were stable for 24 h under physiologically relevant pH conditions (2.0, 7.0, and 8.6). Overall, these findings position compound (17) as a promising lead for glioblastoma tumors. Despite modest biochemical potency, its strong cellular efficacy suggests additional mechanisms of action beyond direct EGFR inhibition. Future efforts will focus on kinome-wide profiling and transcriptomic analyses to elucidate its broader target spectrum and optimize this scaffold for clinical translation.