The dog that didn't bark: non-variable field stars in the RR Lyrae Instability Strip

Abstract

RR Lyrae stars (RRLs) are easy to identify thanks to their large photometric variation and short periods. All stars in the RRL instability strip are pulsators is often a hidden assumption in most stellar population studies using RRLs. Non-variable stars in the instability strip have been discovered for Cepheids and δ Scuti, and in this paper, we report the discovery of non-variable filed stars in the RRL instability strip. Using a high-quality sample selected from Gaia DR3, we find at least 15% of the stars in the empirical instability strip where the variable fraction is > 0.7 have near-zero photometric variations or variations that are significantly smaller than typical RRLs. The non-variable stars are mostly bright and close by, on cold orbits in the Galactic plane. Metallicity from Gaia BP/RP spectra suggests the non-variable stars have an average metallicity is ~ -0.5 dex, with a peak at 0. The discovery of these non-variable stars in the RRL instability strip challenges our understanding of stellar physics and further investigation is needed to understand the origin of these stars.